9.10 - Interactions and Disruptions

Ninth Grade - Ninth Social Studies - 9.10 - Interactions and Disruptions

From EngageNY

Efforts to reach the Indies resulted in the encounter between the people of Western Europe, Africa, and the Americas. This encounter led to a devastating impact on populations in the Americas, the rise of the transatlantic slave trade, and the reorientation of trade networks.

9.10a Various motives, new knowledge, and technological innovations influenced exploration and the development of European transoceanic trade routes.

• Students will explore the relationship between knowledge and technological innovations, focusing on how knowledge of wind and current patterns, combined with technological innovations, influenced exploration and transoceanic travel.
• Students will trace major motivations for European interest in exploration and oceanic trade, including the influence of Isabella and Ferdinand.

9.10b Transatlantic exploration led to the Encounter, colonization of the Americas, and the Columbian exchange.

• Students will map the exchange of crops and animals and the spread of diseases across the world during the Columbian exchange.
• Students will investigate the population of the Americas before the Encounter and evaluate the impact of the arrival of the Europeans on the indigenous populations.
• Students will contrast the demographic impacts on Europe and China after the introduction of new crops with demographic effects on the Americas resulting from the Columbian exchange.

9.10c The decimation of indigenous populations in the Americas influenced the growth of the Atlantic slave trade. The trade of enslaved peoples resulted in exploitation, death, and the creation of wealth.

• Students will examine how the demand for labor, primarily for sugar cultivation and silver mining, influenced the growth of the trade of enslaved African peoples.
• Students will investigate European and African roles in the development of the slave trade, and investigate the conditions and treatment of enslaved Africans during the Middle Passage and in the Americas.

9.10d European colonization in the Americas and trade interactions with Africa led to instability, decline, and near destruction of once-stable political and cultural systems.

• Students will examine the political, economic, cultural, and geographic impacts of Spanish colonization on the Aztec and Inca societies.
• Students will investigate the different degrees of social and racial integration and assimilation that occurred under colonizing powers, laying the foundations for complex and varying social hierarchies in the Americas.
• Students will examine the social, political, and economic impact of the Atlantic slave trade on Africa, including the development of the kingdoms of the Ashanti and Dahomey.

9.10e The Eastern Hemisphere trade networks were disrupted by the European development of new transoceanic trade across the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans. Shifts in global trade networks and the use of gunpowder had positive and negative effects on Asian and European empires.

• Students will explore how new transoceanic routes shifted trade networks (e.g., Indian Ocean, the Silk Road, Trans-Saharan) in the Eastern Hemisphere.
• Students will explore how shifts in the global trade networks and the use of gunpowder affected the Ottoman Empire.
• Students will examine the development of European maritime empires and mercantilism.